Civil society organisations provide comprehensive data on hate crimes, and they cast light on phenomena that are sometimes not reflected clearly in official data. The fact that there are observatories, NGOs and unofficial bodies improves knowledge of the crimes committed, improves data quality and provides useful clues to analyse the phenomenon seriously. Bearing in mind the poor quality of the OSCE data, constrained by lack of common concepts, standard descriptions, etc… qualitative analysis on the data in this study under the heading “civil society” acquires more importance.
This study includes hate incidents: 5,990 between 2015 and mid-2020. The evolution over time shows a downward trend between 2016 and 2017, but an upward trend from 2018 to 2019. The pandemic and ending the survey in June negatively affect the figures for 2020.
Table 5: Yearly hate crime incidents by country. Civil Society Data, 2015-june 2020
| PAÍS | Total | Total (%) | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany | 994 | 16,59% | 379 | 180 | 164 | 210 | 42 | 19 |
| Spain | 1.362 | 22,74% | 85 | 83 | 317 | 331 | 517 | 29 |
| France | 1.627 | 27,16% | 742 | 269 | 178 | 221 | 105 | 112 |
| Hungary | 137 | 2,29% | 42 | 15 | 30 | 25 | 24 | 1 |
| Italy | 1.102 | 18,40% | 164 | 101 | 154 | 290 | 292 | 101 |
| Poland | 768 | 12,82% | 96 | 93 | 135 | 106 | 293 | 45 |
| TOTAL | 5.990 | - | 1.508 25,18% | 741 12,37% | 978 16,33% | 1.183 19,75% | 1.273 21,25% | 307 5,13% |
Figure 6: Annual evolution of hate incidents by country according to Civil Society, 2015-June 2020
Germany
TOTAL 994
Spain
TOTAL 1.362
France
TOTAL 1.627
Hungary
TOTAL 264
Italy
TOTAL 1.102
Poland
TOTAL 768
Table 6: Total hate crime incidents by type of motivation and country. Civil Society Data
| Germany | Spain | France | Hungary | Italy | Poland | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anti-Christianism and other religions | 172 | 199 | 767 | 3 | 127 | 199 |
| Anti-Semitism | 291 | 30 | 500 | 81 | 112 | 93 |
| Racism and xenophobia | 60 | 62 | 60 | 35 | 609 | 216 |
| Crimes against sexual orientation | 291 | 303 | 48 | 7 | 86 | 179 |
| Islamophobia | 163 | 114 | 221 | 3 | 34 | 41 |
| Political intolerance | 12 | 464 | 17 | 1 | 1 | 29 |
| Victims of terrorism | 0 | 109 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Anti-Gypsyism | 0 | 0 | 2 | 7 | 54 | 15 |
| Attacks against the rule of law | 0 | 70 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Covid-19 discrimination | 5 | 6 | 12 | 0 | 22 | 25 |
| Persons with disabilities | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 44 | 4 |
| Holocaust victims | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 4 |
| Aporophobia | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Total: 5.990 | 994 | 1.362 | 1.627 | 137 | 1.102 | 768 |
Figure 7: Total hate incidents by country according to Civil Society data
Figure 8: Total hate incidents by country. Civil Society Data
994 crimes
83.166.711 inhabitants
1.362 crimes
47.329.981 inhabitants
1.627 crimes
67.329.981 inhabitants
137 crimes
9.769.526 inhabitants
1.102 crimes
60.244.639 inhabitants
768 crimes
37.958.138 inhabitants
* Severe data deficit on hate crimes in Poland and Hungary due to a lack of monitoring and observatories.